A scoping review of Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca: Mapping the health concerns and proposed solutions.

OBJECTIVES: To map the current evidence about the health concerns and the potential solutions related to the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. DESIGN: A scoping review was applied. Papers published in English between 2012 and 2023 were included but non-human research and sources without any related data were excluded. Data charting and extraction were used to map the current evidence. RESULTS: The total of 36 papers were included with the total number of pilgrims of 17,075,887. The majority of studies were published in the Asia Pacific region (36.11%) as original articles (88.89%). The health concerns were grouped into five main aspects. There were 7603 deaths recorded or about 44 incidences of deaths per 100,000 pilgrims during the pilgrimage. There were recorded 11,018; 6178; 3393; and 17,810 cases for communicable diseases; non-communicable diseases; injuries and trauma; and health services (i.e., cardiac catheterization) and vaccination, respectively. CONCLUSION: Relating to the five health concerns, this study identified the top seven issues in each category (i.e., hypertension, influenza vaccination), except for the death record. Moreover, there were three solutions (for general health, non- and communicable-diseases) presented. Stakeholders could use this evidence to improve healthcare quality particularly related to the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca.

A concept of "cultural competence" among public health nurses in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the conceptual structure of "cultural competence (CC)" among Japanese public health nurses (PHNs), to enhance culturally appropriate support. METHODS: A modified grounded theory approach (M-GTA) was used. A total of 11 municipal PHNs participated in this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. A comparative analysis was performed using M-GTA. RESULT: Five categories were identified. Japanese PHNs supported foreign residents while (1) maintaining a sincere attitude with curiosity and humility toward others regarding CC; (2) deepening their realization of issues arising from awareness of one's own and other cultures; (3) developing their knowledge about clients' cultures and the surrounding environments; and (4) mastering the skills of building a relationship with clients while creating supportive systems surrounding them. As they gained more experience in supporting foreign residents, as indicated in the above categories, their cultural competence grew, allowing them to (5) gain experience while encountering individuals without holding stereotypes and prejudice. CONCLUSIONS: The concepts of CC that emerged are based on cultural humility and are cultivated through supportive activities. The concepts identified in this study can serve as educational guidelines for health nurses and other care providers in Japan.

Transcultural nursing: a qualitative analysis of nursing students' experiences in a multicultural context in North-Eastern Namibia.

BACKGROUND: Culture is a fundamental concept in healthcare settings due to the reason that care provided to patients is holistic and encompasses their perspectives on health, which are greatly influenced by the patients' cultures. To prepare culturally competent nursing graduates, it is important to understand the experiences of students on transcultural nursing during clinical practice. However, there are limited studies that have explored experiences of students on transcultural nursing, specifically those located in multicultural societies. In addition, studies focus on experiences of international students who visit with student - exchange programme. Nevertheless, their experiences of transcultural nursing may differ since they are not residents and have limited exposure to transcultural nursing, and therefore cannot be generalized to undergraduate resident students. This study aimed to explore and describe transcultural nursing experiences of nursing students during clinical practice at an intermediate hospital in north-eastern Namibia. METHODS: Descriptive and explorative qualitative designs were used, data were collected via individual interviews from 16 final year nursing students, who were sampled using maximum variation purposive and snowballing sampling. During data collection, an interview guide was used together with audiotape and field notes. Data analysis followed Tesch's eight steps in qualitative coding process. Trustworthiness was ensured using four principles of Lincoln and Guba, Moreover, ethical clearance and permission were granted by research ethics committees from two institutions. FINDINGS: Four main themes emerged as findings of the study are: nursing students' exposure to different cultural practices and beliefs; personal feelings experienced by nursing students during transcultural nursing; challenges experienced by students during transcultural nursing; and nursing students coping mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students had mixed experiences on transcultural nursing which touch on aspects such as exposure to cultural aspects, personal feelings, challenges, and coping mechanisms. These findings are useful in helping nurse educators, clinical mentors, students, and future researchers to understand experiences of students on transcultural nursing. Consequently, assist in enriching transcultural nursing issues in curricula and for adequate preparation of graduates to become culturally competent when providing nursing care.

Migrant Men Living in Brazil during the Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

This study aims to analyze the repercussions of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the health of male immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers in Brazil. A qualitative study involving 307 adult men living in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted. Data were collected between August 2021 and March 2022 and interpreted based on the Transcultural Nursing Theory. Cultural care repercussions were identified in various dimensions: technological: changes in daily life and disruptions in routine; religious, philosophical, social, and cultural values: changes stemming from disrupted social bonds, religious practices, and sociocultural isolation; political: experiences of political partisanship, conflicts, government mismanagement, a lack of immigration policies, human rights violations, and xenophobia; educational/economic: challenges arising from economic impoverishment, economic insecurity, unemployment, language difficulties, and challenges in academic and literacy development during the pandemic. The persistence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil had significant repercussions for the health of migrant men, resulting in a transcultural phenomenon that requires sensitive nursing care. Implications for nursing: the uniqueness of cultural care in nursing and health, as most of the repercussions found were mostly negative, contributed to the increase in social and health vulnerabilities.

Experiences and Suggestions of Nurses Involved in Caring for Migrant Populations in Italy: A Qualitative Study.

The aim of this research is to explore nurses' experiences in caring for migrants, regular and non-regular, within outpatient clinics in Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen nurses have been interviewed through online semi-structured interviews, conducted with the support of a questionnaire, made by researchers, consisting of open-ended questions on legislative issues, cultural issues, and regarding best practices. Purposive sampling has been used, along with phone and email recruitment. The audio recordings of the interviews were verbatim transcribed, then examined. This study is a qualitative descriptive fundamental research project. RESULTS: Interviewees highlight migrants' difficulties in accessing care, critical points of legislation, transcultural skills crucial to nurses, and good practices. A total of 105 labels were developed and grouped into 23 categories under 7 themes (Italian legislation and migrants; structural difficulties in assistance; the influence of politics; the work of NGOs and associations; nursing care; winning strategies; and the role of the Family and Community Nurse). CONCLUSION: The research highlights how access to care for migrants is hindered by legislative, structural, and cultural barriers, with consequences on the NHS (improper accesses to the emergency room, increased workload, and economic expenditure). For the full realization of the right to health, as enshrined by Art. 32 of the Constitution, changes are needed with respect to regulations and professionals' training.

The Development and Validation of an Intercultural Nursing Educator Profile Using the Delphi Method.

INTRODUCTION: Educators require focused training to foster the development of intercultural competence in nurses. Training programs for educators need to be based on a comprehensive profile with a focus on intercultural learning. This study aims to define and validate a profile of the Intercultural Nursing Educator (INE). METHOD: The Delphi method was used with an iterative, multi-stage process to transform opinions into group consensus. A total of 46 European, African, and American experts from the nursing and intercultural field participated. Inclusion criteria required English at a level of B2, expertise in the field of intercultural competence, experience in teaching intercultural competence in the nursing context, and publications focused on intercultural topics. RESULTS: The INE profile was developed and all 126 competencies were validated. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The profile is freely available on the project website and provides the basis for curricula, training programs and assessment of the required competences.

Análise da teoria da diversidade e universalidade do cuidado cultural de Madeleine Leininger / Analysis of the Madeleine Leininger’s theory of diversity and universality of cultural care / Análisis de la teoría de la diversidad y universalidad del cuidado cultural de Madeleine Leininger

This study aimed to analyze Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Diversity and Universality of Cultural Care. It is a study of interpretive analysis based on the model of theory evaluation proposed by Johnson, carried out in the months of January and February 2022. It is confirmed that Leininger's theory has theoretical consistency and the ability to contribute to practical, scientific and nursing profession. The theory is presented as easy to understand, with accessible and clear language, and presents well-defined concepts that stimulate the formulation of propositions. It presents further variations and assumptions that contribute to the interpretation and understanding of the propositions, as well as theoretical knowledge that helps to explain and make predictions about two phenomena o interest in the disease. To analyze it is possible to show Leininger's theory to theoretical consistency and to the capacity to contribute to nursing practice. The relevance of the application of nursing hairs in various contexts of care is highlighted for the scope of care that is culturally and consistently guided by the context and the needs of two individuals.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la Teoría de la Diversidad y Universalidad del Cuidado Cultural de Madeleine Leininger. Se trata de un estudio de análisis interpretativo basado en el modelo de evaluación de la teoría propuesto por Johnson, realizado en enero y febrero de 2022. Se constató que la teoría de Leininger tiene consistencia teórica y capacidad de contribuir a la práctica, la ciencia y la profesión de enfermería. La teoría es de fácil comprensión, con un lenguaje accesible y claro, y presenta conceptos bien definidos que estimulan la formulación de proposiciones. También presenta variables y supuestos que contribuyen a la interpretación y comprensión de proposiciones, así como conocimientos teóricos que ayudan a explicar y hacer predicciones sobre los fenómenos de interés para la enfermería. El análisis permitió evidenciar en la teoría de Leininger la consistencia teórica y la capacidad de contribuir a la práctica de enfermería. Se destaca la relevancia de la aplicación de los enfermeros en diferentes contextos de trabajo para lograr un cuidado guiado cultural y congruentemente con el contexto y las necesidades de los individuos.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou analisar a Teoria da Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado Cultural de Madeleine Leininger. Tratase de um estudo de análise interpretativa baseado no modelo de avaliação de teorias proposto por Johnson, realizado nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2022. Constatouse que a teoria de Leininger possui consistência teórica e capacidade de contribuir para a prática, ciência e profissão de enfermagem. A teoria se apresenta de fácil compreensão, com linguagem acessível e clara, e apresenta conceitos bem delimitados que estimulam a formulação de proposições. Apresenta ainda variáveis e suposições que contribuem para a interpretação e compreensão das proposições, assim como conhecimento teórico que auxilia a explicar e fazer predições acerca dos fenômenos de interesse da enfermagem. A análise possibilitou evidenciar na teoria de Leininger a consistência teórica e a capacidade de contribuir para a prática de enfermagem. Destacase a relevância da aplicação da pelos enfermeiros em diversos contextos de atuação para o alcance de um cuidado culturalmente e congruentemente pautado no contexto e nas necessidades dos indivíduos.(AU)

Cuidado cultural em região de fronteira: perspectiva de enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde / Cultural care in a border region: perspective of primary health care nurses / Cuidado cultural en una región fronteriza: perspectiva de enfermeros de la atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: conhecer a perspectiva de enfermeiros sobre cultura e cuidado cultural em município de fronteira e sua formação para realizar o cuidado culturalmente congruente. Método: estudo exploratório-descritivo, conduzido à luz da Teoria Transcultural do Cuidado. Realizadas entrevistas com 18 enfermeiros da atenção primária de Foz do Iguaçu-PR, entre janeiro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021, submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: as categorias de análise mostraram que, para os enfermeiros, o indivíduo traz consigo sua cultura, apreendida em seu meio, ao nascimento e passa de geração em geração. Considerações finais: ser profissional em região de fronteira interfere na perspectiva das diferenças culturais, as quais se relacionam num processo de interculturalidade, tornando-se relevante conhecer a população, seus hábitos e crenças para preservá-los nas ações de cuidado. Enfermeiros migrantes na região do estudo buscam conhecer a população, seus hábitos e crenças para preservá-los nas ações de cuidado.

Objective: to know the perspective of nurses on culture and cultural care in a border town and their training to provide culturally congruent care. Method: exploratory-descriptive study, conducted in the light of the Transcultural Theory of Care. Interviews were conducted with 18 primary care nurses in Foz do Iguaçu-PR, between January 2020 and January 2021, submitted to content analysis. Results: the analysis categories showed that, for nurses, the individual brings with him his culture, apprehended in his environment, at birth and passed from generation to generation. Final considerations: being a professional in a border region interferes with the perspective of cultural differences, which are related in an intercultural process, making it relevant to know the population, their habits and beliefs to preserve them in care actions. Migrant nurses in the study region seek to know the population, their habits and beliefs to preserve them in care actions.

Objetivo: conocer la perspectiva de los enfermeros sobre la cultura y el cuidado cultural en una localidad fronteriza y su formación para brindar un cuidado culturalmente congruente. Método: estudio exploratorio-descriptivo, realizado a la luz de la Teoría del Cuidado Transcultural. Se realizaron entrevistas junto a 18 enfermeros de atención primaria en Foz do Iguazú-Paraná, entre enero de 2020 y enero de 2021, y se sometieron al análisis de contenido. Resultados: las categorías de análisis mostraron que, según los enfermeros, el individuo lleva consigo su cultura, aprehendida en su entorno al nacer y transmitida de generación en generación. Consideraciones finales: ser profesional en una región fronteriza interfiere con la perspectiva de las diferencias culturales, que se relacionan en un proceso intercultural y se vuelve relevante conocer a la población, sus hábitos y creencias para preservarlos en las acciones de cuidado. Los enfermeros migrantes en la región de estudio tratan de conocer a la población, sus hábitos y creencias para preservarlos en las acciones de cuidado.

Representação social da saúde para os umbandistas e o cuidado transcultural de Madeleine / Leininger Social representation of health for Umbandists and the transcultural care of Madeleine / Leininger Representación social de la salud para los umbandistas y el cuidado transcultural de Madeleine Leininger

Objetivo: analisar a estrutura da representação social da saúde para umbandistas com vistas à abordagem do cuidado transcultural. Método: estudo qualitativo descritivo-exploratório, fundamentado na abordagem estrutural da Teoria das Representações Sociais e Teoria Transcultural de Madeleine Leininger. Os participantes foram captados pela técnica Snowball, que responderam a um questionário online, contendo caracterização sociodemográfica; escala DUREL; e instrumento de evocações livres. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e as evocações pela análise prototípica e de similitude. Resultados: participaram 110 invíduos, predominando mulheres (70%), entre 29 e 39 anos, e com alta religiosidade. A análise prototípica evidenciou vida, bem-estar e ter-fé como provavelmente centrais e hospital e médico como elementos de contraste. A análise de similitude demonstrou além dos elementos previamente e provavelmente centrais, cuidado e corpo com comportamento de centralidade. Considerações finais: concepções multidimensionais de bem-estar e qualidade de vida marcam esta representação, embasada pela alta religiosidade e o cuidado transcultural e integral em saúde.

Objective: to analyze the structure of the social representation of health for Umbanda fans with a view to approaching transcultural care. Method: qualitative descriptive-exploratory study, based on the structural approach of the Theory of Social Representations and Transcultural Theory by Madeleine Leininger. Participants were captured using the Snowball technique, who responded to an online questionnaire containing sociodemographic characteristics; DUREL scale; and instrument of free evocations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the evocations using prototypical and similarity analysis. Results: 110 individuals participated, predominantly women (70%), between 29 and 39 years old, and with high religiosity. The prototypical analysis highlighted life, well-being and having faith as probably central and hospital and doctor as contrasting elements. The similarity analysis demonstrated, in addition to the previously and probably central elements, care and the body with centrality behavior. Final considerations: multidimensional conceptions of well-being and quality of life mark this representation, based on high religiosity and transcultural and comprehensive health care.

Objetivo: analizar la estructura de la representación social de la salud para umbandistas con miras al enfoque de la atención transcultural. Método: estudio descriptivo-exploratorio cualitativo, basado en el enfoque estructural de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales y la Teoría Transcultural de Madeleine Leininger. Mediante la técnica de muestreo Snowball se capturó a los participantes, quienes respondieron a un cuestionario en línea que contenía caracterización sociodemográfica; escala DUREL; e instrumento de evocaciones libres. Se analizaron los datos mediante estadística descriptiva y las evocaciones por medio de análisis prototípico y de similitud. Resultados: Participaron 110 personas, predominantemente mujeres (70%), entre 29 y 39 años y con alta religiosidad. El análisis prototípico destacó 'la vida, el bienestar y el tener fe' como probablemente centrales y 'el hospital y el médico' como elementos contrastantes. El análisis de similitud demostró, además de los elementos anteriores y probablemente centrales, 'el cuidado y el cuerpo' con comportamiento de centralidad. Consideraciones finales: concepciones multidimensionales de bienestar y calidad de vida enmarcan esta representación, basada en una alta religiosidad y una atención de salud transcultural e integral.

"Como será minha vida com sífilis?" Desafios do diagnóstico em homens à luz de Leininger / "How will my life with syphilis be?" Diagnosis challenges in men in the light of Leininger / ¿Cómo será mi vida con sífilis? Desafíos diagnósticos en los hombres a la luz de Leininger

Objetivo: compreender os fatores que interferem no diagnóstico da sífilis em homens à luz da Teoria da Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado Cultural. Método: estudo qualitativo, aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, realizado em Hospital Universitário no Rio de Janeiro, entre setembro de 2017 e março de 2018. Foram entrevistados 32 homens diagnosticados com sífilis adquirida, e a análise temática foi utilizada para o tratamento dos dados. Resultados: a maioria dos homens tinha história de contágio por outra Infecção Sexualmente Transmissível e foi diagnosticada no ambulatório de imunologia. O momento diagnóstico é encarado com surpresa, tem repercussões psicossociais e é influenciado por fatores culturais e sociais. Considerações finais: alguns fatores interferem positivamente e outros negativamente no diagnóstico da sífilis na população masculina. Para detectar essa infecção nos homens, deve-se conhecer o contexto sociocultural em que estão inseridos para, assim, implementar estratégias tanto diagnósticas quanto preventivas mais eficazes.

Objective: to understand the factors that interfere with the diagnosis of syphilis in men in the light of the Theory of Diversity and Universality of Cultural Care. Method: qualitative study, approved by the Ethics and Research Committee, conducted at a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, during september 2017 to march 2018. Thirty-two men diagnosed with acquired syphilis were interviewed, and thematic analysis was used for data treatment. Results: most men had a history of contagion by another STI and were diagnosed at the immunology outpatient clinic. The moment of diagnosis is faced with surprise, has psychosocial repercussions and is influenced by cultural and social factors. Final considerations: some factors interfere positively and others negatively in the diagnosis of syphilis in the male population. To detect this infection in men, it is necessary to know the sociocultural context in which they live, in order to implement more effective diagnostic and preventive strategies.

Objetivo: comprender los factores que interfieren en el diagnóstico de la sífilis en los hombres a la luz de la Teoría de la diversidad y universalidad del cuidado cultural. Método: estudio cualitativo, aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, realizado en un Hospital Universitario de Río de Janeiro, de septiembre de 2017 a marzo de 2018. Se entrevistó a 32 hombres diagnosticados de sífilis adquirida y se utilizó el análisis temático para el tratamiento de los datos. Resultados: la mayoría de los hombres tenía antecedentes de contagio por otra Infección Sexualmente Transmisible y el diagnóstico se hizo en el ambulatorio de inmunología. El momento del diagnóstico se afronta con sorpresa, tiene repercusiones psicosociales y está influenciado por factores culturales y sociales. Consideraciones finales: algunos factores interfieren positivamente y otros negativamente en el diagnóstico de la sífilis en la población masculina. Para detectar esta infección en los hombres, se debe conocer el contexto sociocultural en el que se insertan, para entonces poner en marcha estrategias de diagnóstico y de prevención más eficaces.

The development of cultural competences in nursing students and their significance in shaping the future work environment: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Working in a culturally diverse environment entails a moral and professional responsibility to provide culturally competent care. This has been recognised as an important measure to reduce health inequalities, improve the quality of care and increase patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to assess the level of cultural competence in nursing students a decade after the introduction of transcultural nursing content into the nursing curriculum in Slovenia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design with 180 s-year nursing students as a convenience sample was used. Cultural competence was assessed using the Cultural Competence Assessment Tool (CCATool) via an online survey. IBM SPSS facilitated statistical analysis, using descriptive statistics and inferential methods, including the chi-square test. Non-parametric tests (Mann Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H and Wilcoxon signed-rank) were used for non-normally distributed data (Shapiro-Wilk test, p < 0.05). The significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The results indicate that students demonstrate a high level of cultural competence, although there is room for improvement in terms of cultural sensitivity, as determined by coding the CCATool. The results also show a remarkable contrast between their self-assessed scores and the objective scores obtained from CCATool coding of the statements in each subscale (p < 0.005). In addition, significant differences (p = 0.002) are found in subscale "Cultural Knowledge" particularly between students who have lived abroad for more than 6 months and those who have not. The latter group has a higher score in the CCATool, indicating greater cultural knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that the presence of transcultural elements in the Slovenian nursing curriculum is associated with higher self-reported levels of cultural competence among nursing students, although the present research design does not allow for causal interpretations. This competence is of immense importance in preparing students for their future professional environment. However, it is crucial to further refine the nursing curriculum, especially through greater integration of transcultural content in all health disciplines. In addition, the introduction of innovative teaching and learning approaches can better prepare students to deal with the diverse cultural experiences they will encounter in their nursing careers.

The Art of Childbirth of the Midwives of Al-Andalus: Social Assessment and Legal Implication of Health Assistance in the Cultural Diversity of the 10th-14th Centuries.

(1) Background: The role of Al-Andalus's women were the result of Arabization and Islamization in Spain. The 10th to the 14th centuries were a time of significant cultural diversity in the region. Female physicians and midwives were important for providing care to women. Despite existing studies, there is still a lack of focused research on the professionalization of these trades, including their requirements, intervention areas, and treatments. (2) Methods: To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review using the dialectical structural model of care (DSMC). Primary medical and legislative sources were used. (3) Results: two kinds of midwife, or qabila, were discovered, along with a woman physician, or tabiba, who also acted as a midwife. These professions underwent diverse training and fulfilled duties as obstetricians and pediatricians. Midwives were esteemed members of society and were the sole female professionals who needed qualified training. Their performance in the courts was exemplary. Tools for facilitating childbirth and interventions related to female health were discovered in the study. (4) Conclusions: The patriarchal societies suffer from significant inequality in terms of academic training, knowledge transmission, and healthcare provision. Midwives functioned in segregated domestic and legal spaces and were responsible for providing public care to communities from the 10th to 14th centuries.

A Dialogue with Dr. Marilyn A. Ray: Nurse Scholar and USAF Veteran.

Dr. Marilyn A. Ray, nurse scholar and retired United States Air Force (USAF) veteran and former flight nurse, began her nursing scholarship in Canada. She was influenced by the experiences and interprofessional scholarly ideas that she encountered along her career trajectory. Her early love of the air and space led her to the United States Air Force Nurse Corps, where she served as a flight nurse during the Vietnam war era, followed by leadership positions in nursing education, administration, practice, and research. Dr. Ray's contributions to nursing knowledge includes two nursing theories and a caring inquiry methodology. Dr. Ray is helping to create a new caring science certificate program at Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing. In this column, Dr. Ray shares the story of her scholarly influences and how they helped her care for her husband and gain insight into her contributions to nursing knowledge development.

Exploring the education in cultural competence and transcultural care in Spanish for nurses and future nurses: a scoping review and gap analysis.

BACKGROUND: Globalization and population migration have led to increasingly culturally diverse societies, which has made nursing education in cultural competence and transcultural care a priority. This includes the ability to provide person-centered and culturally congruent care, even within one's own culture. However, this sort of training has been developed and implemented in practice comparatively more by English-speaking societies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the existing educational initiatives for nurses and future ones in cultural competence and transcultural care in Spanish and explore their didactic characteristics in terms of teaching and learning formats, contents, skills, and evaluation methods at different academic levels. METHODS: A scoping review was carried out by following the specific PRISMA recommendations and those of the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance throughout PudMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cinahl databases and also gray literature in the form of official documentation that later was complemented with a gap analysis including training programs published by Spanish and Latin-American educational institutions and the approaches of key academic informants. RESULTS: The published evidence on nursing training in cultural competence or related topics in Spanish-speaking higher education for nurses is limited. Specific nursing programs in Spanish-speaking universities are primarily found in Spain, with fewer options available in Latin America. These contents are offered either as optional subjects or immersed in other courses and mainly taught in theoretical sessions. Practice in real contexts is supposed to be evaluated transversally under the cultural scope according to national educational recommendations though barely visible in students' evaluation reports. Even though postgraduate training dedicated to these issues exists, it is still limited, mixed with other contents, and generally depends on a few researchers investigating and publishing on the topic from very specific universities. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to establish a common global strategy including Spanish-speaking countries in nurses' higher education and professional training on topics focused on cultural competence as well as the provision of nurses' social and cultural sensitivity towards their own culture and to define whether those that currently exist are effective. It is also crucial that this training was evaluated in practice in order to achieve enough impact on students, health organizations, and population health.

Investigation of the relationship between cultural sensitivity and effectiveness levels among nursing students.

AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cultural sensitivity and effectiveness levels among nursing students. BACKGROUND: The world is changing and globalizing, and societies are becoming increasingly multicultural. Therefore, nurses, who play an important role in health service delivery, are expected to be competent in interacting with patients from different cultures and to develop cultural sensitivity during their education. DESIGN: The design of this study is a prospective descriptive study. METHODS: The research was conducted with 284 nursing students in the faculty of nursing at a university in Ankara. The data collection process of this study was conducted at the end of the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year between 20 and 30 June 2020. The Sociodemographic Characteristics Form, Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, and Intercultural Effectiveness Scale were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, parametric and nonparametric tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the students was 20.80 ± 1.64, and 82% of the students were female. The mean scores on the Intercultural Sensitivity and Intercultural Effectiveness Scales were 92.56 ± 11.98 and 53.87 ± 6.28, respectively. A positive, moderate, and statistically significant correlation was found between the scores on the two scales. In the study, it was determined that females have higher cultural sensitivity and cultural effectiveness level than males, and students who could not understand and speak English have lower cultural sensitivity and cultural effectiveness level than students who could understand and speak English. CONCLUSION: In this study, it was evaluated that the nursing students had high cultural sensitivity and moderate cultural effectiveness levels, and cultural sensitivity levels were found to increase in line with cultural effectiveness levels. It is recommended to review the educational curricula to improve cultural communication competence and organize programs to improve English speaking and conduct more studies examining the cultural effectiveness of students.

How do cultural factors influence the provision of end-of-life care? A narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Culture influences the way in which patients, families and professionals provide care and undergo decision-making at the end of life. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, our research questions were: How do cultural aspects influence the needs, perceptions, and experiences of patients and their families in end-of-life care? What implications does cultural diversity have for professionals who care for individuals at the end of life? METHODS: A narrative review was conducted between June and July 2022. Articles published between 2017 and 2022 in peer-reviewed journals were included. RESULTS: A total of 43 studies were included. Our findings were grouped into four themes: 1) places to die and preferences about healthcare interventions (e.g. parts of the immigrant population tend to receive more aggressive and invasive interventions); 2) advance care planning and verbalization of death (e.g. less use of ACP in some minority groups); 3) rituals and family involvement during healthcare; 4) professionals addressing multiculturalism in care at the end of life (e.g. lack of training in addressing the context of multiculturalism). CONCLUSIONS: These findings could contribute to making professionals more aware of cultural aspects that influence the process of death and highlight the need for further training in the handling of such situations.

Developing the better and effective nursing education for improving transcultural nursing skills cultural competence and cultural sensitivity assessment tool (BENEFITS-CCCSAT).

BACKGROUND: A clear need for the development of new comprehensive, reliable, sensitive and valid measurement tools to adequately asses the cultural competence and cultural sensitivity of nursing students exists. This study aimed to develop a new measurement tool to assess the nursing students' cultural competence and sensitivity. METHODS: This cross-sectional, instrument development study's first phase included postgraduate nursing students (n = 60) for the piloting study, and the second one included undergraduate nursing students (n = 459) for the main survey. This study used two data collection forms: The Student Descriptive Information Form and the Better and Effective Nursing Education for Improving Transcultural Nursing Skills Cultural Competence and Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool (BENEFITS-CCCSAT) draft. The content validity index was calculated using the Davis method. Cronbach's α coefficient and the item total correlation were calculated during the reliability analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient test, Bartlett significance test, and explanatory factor analysis (EFA) were used to evaluate the validity of the assessment tool. RESULTS: Scale validity and reliability analyses showed that the BENEFITS-CCCSAT included 26 items and five sub-dimensions: respect for cultural diversity; culturally sensitive communication; achieving cultural competence; challenges and barriers in providing culturally competent care; and perceived meaning of cultural care. CONCLUSION: The BENEFITS-CCCSAT appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the cultural sensitivity and cultural competence of nursing students. This can be of great use, especially before attending clinical areas, and can offer both students and faculty reliable information to promote reflective and critical thinking, especially in areas where improvement is needed.

Russian nurses' readiness for transcultural care of palliative patients.

Palliative care involves an approach aimed at improving the quality of life of patients and their families, who are forced to cope with the problems associated with life-threatening diseases. This definition includes a growing group of patients around the world. It requires an extension of the definition of patients in need of palliative care in countries such as Russia and a significant improvement in the work of nursing personnel with these patients. This study aims to determine the level of preparedness of nursing personnel for specialized care (transcultural care) and the quality of care provided to palliative patients. The presented findings of the study demonstrate the relevance of developing transcultural competence, which enables significant improvement in the quality of life of palliative patients. The analysis of medical workers' assessment of the level of specific training and their intercultural preparedness was conducted based on hospices (Moscow). A survey was conducted among 113 medical workers of the middle level of education aged between 28 and 56 (average of 44.2 years) and experience in palliative care ranged from 3 to 18 years (average of 9.5 years). The Intercultural Readiness Check (IRC) test, widely used to assess nursing staff worldwide, was used for the survey to determine the level of readiness for transcultural care. A strong correlation was found between a number of the test scales and measures of participants' age and experience. The presented material demonstrates the realization of an interdisciplinary approach to the issues of specific training of nursing personnel in the field of "transcultural care" in providing palliative care to incurable patients.

Enfermería transcultural como método para la gestión del cuidado / Transcultural nursing as an approach to care management

El objetivo general de la investigación fue describir la enfermería transcultural como método para la gestión del cuidado. Método: El planteamiento formulado por los investigadores se basó en el enfoque cuantitativo, con una metodología descriptiva con diseño no experimental. Se apoyó en el análisis documental­bibliográfico. Se organizó un proceso investigativo en donde la población de estudio se basó primordialmente en tesis y artículos científicos arbitrados. Resultados: Las desigualdades en la atención médica, causadas por las diferencias culturales en el acceso a la calidad de la atención, se manifiestan principalmente en edad, género, raza, etnia, educación, ingresos y discapacidad. En conclusión: La promoción de la enfermería transcultural se fortalece facilitando las herramientas, la formación y actualización de los profesionales existentes y las nuevas generaciones desde una preparación integral desde el conocimiento. Se deben desarrollar modelos para la gestión del cuidado, enfatizando en el respeto de los valores, creencias y patrones.

The overall objective of the research was to describe transcultural nursing as a method for care management. Method: The approach formulated by the researchers was based on the quantitative approach with a descriptive methodology with a non-experimental design, which was supported by documentary-bibliographic analysis. A research process was organized in which the study population was based primarily on theses and peer-reviewed scientific articles. Results: Inequalities in health care caused by cultural differences in access to quality of care and are manifested primarily in age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, disability. In conclusion: The promotion of transcultural nursing is strengthened by facilitating the tools, training and updating of existing professionals and new generations from a comprehensive preparation from knowledge, developing models for care management emphasizing respect for values, beliefs, patterns.

Transcultural Nursing in Italy: An Explorative Study.

The health profile of foreigners in Italy is affected by multiple factors and events, including environmental, microbiological, cultural, and behavioral. To explore nurses' basic cross-cultural knowledge, and their perceptions of problems that arise in encounters with clients from outside the country, and to suggest solution strategies, we enrolled 327 nurses in an observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study. The findings suggested a need to improve sociocultural skills related to working in a multiethnic society, as early as the first level courses and possibly continue with appropriate master's degrees and research projects.